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Between April and July 1996, SLORC ordered at least 182 villages in Karenni (Kayah) State, with an estimated total population of 25-30,000 people, to move to various relocation sites. The primary intention of SLORC was to cut off all possibility of civilian support for the Karenni National Progressive Party (KNPP); SLORC broke a ceasefire agreement to attack the KNPP in June 1995. The villages affected cover at least half the entire geographic area of Karenni. Some villages were marched at gunpoint to relocation sites without warning, but most were issued written orders to move within just 7 days or be 'considered as enemies', i.e. shot on sight without question. [For details see "Forced Relocation in Karenni", KHRG #96-24, 15/7/96.] Thousands of villagers went to the relocation sites as ordered; others, particularly those far from SLORC bases, fled into hiding in the forests surrounding their villages. Over 3,000 escaped to Karenni refugee camps in Thailand after a difficult and dangerous walk of days or weeks in rainy season. Some fled to parts of Karenni and southwestern Shan states controlled by the KNPLF (Karenni Nationalities People's Liberation Front) and SNPLO (Shan Nationalities People's Liberation Organisation), both of which currently have ceasefires with SLORC. Since the relocations, SLORC has still not allowed people to resettle in their home villages or provided them any assistance, and the situation throughout Karenni continues to grow increasingly critical. Witnesses state that even the mass forced relocations to get forced labourers for the Loikaw-Aungban railway in 1992 were nothing compared to this, and that never before in history has the situation been so terrible in Karenni as it is now. Even people from villages and towns which have not been ordered to move are facing severe restrictions - in Shadaw, the villagers have been forced to build a fence around the entire town. Every town is now surrounded by checkpoints, many modes of transport have been cut and people are not allowed to go anywhere without SLORC permission.

The relocated villagers could only manage to save as much as they could carry on their backs, and most of their food, livestock and belongings had to be left behind. In some cases even the sick, the elderly and the disabled had to be left behind to fend for themselves in the abandoned villages because they could not manage the walk through the mountains and their relatives could not carry them. Crippled villagers and sick children were later found by returning villagers or KNPP columns, hiding alone in villages already burned and destroyed by SLORC. In Daw Ei Hla village a 60-year-old blind woman was left alone in her house with a little food. Her decomposed remains were later found where she had fallen in her house and died slowly of starvation.

SLORC provided nothing whatsoever at the relocation sites, and villagers were able to bring very little food with them, so in June at Shadaw and Ywathit SLORC allowed many villagers one last chance to return to their villages for 7 to 10 days and bring back some food. Many villagers used this as a chance to escape into the forest. Then about one month after the June deadline for relocation, SLORC troops launched an operation to tour the villages burning and destroying all that remained of them. A similar operation was mounted again in January 1997. Some villages were totally burnt down - for example, of the 98 villages between the Pon and Salween rivers which were ordered to move, sixty to seventy have reportedly been completely burned. In other villages they destroyed the best houses and the rice barns and killed all the villagers' livestock and cattle. Some villages were not destroyed but landmines were laid. In Baw Ghu Der township, some villagers, both women and men, were later killed by stepping on these mines.

Thousands of villagers are still living in hiding in groups of 2 or 3 families in the forest. Most had already planted their rice crop when the SLORC operation began (rice-growing season is between June and November), but then they had to spend most of their time hiding from the troops so their crops were largely destroyed by weeds and pests. They are now running completely out of rice with no prospect of planting a crop this year (normally they would now be clearing their fields in preparation for planting). In most villages all their livestock has been destroyed by SLORC, so they are reduced to surviving on jungle vegetables and roots. Many, especially children, are dying of malaria, diarrhoea, dysentery, respiratory illnesses, and are also contracting worms and skin diseases.

Thousands of villagers are now living at SLORC-designated relocation sites including Shadaw, Ywathit, Daw Tama, Baw La Keh, Daw Tama Gyi, Tee Po Kloh, Kay Lia, Mar Kraw She, Maw Chi, Pah Saung, and Nwa La Bo. Bu Ko and Kwa Chi, initially reported by KHRG in July 1996 as a relocation site, was burned by SLORC and the villagers there ordered to move to Maw Chi relocation site. When the people arrived in the relocation sites, nothing was prepared for them. They had to clear an area designated by the SLORC in order to build a house. In Shadaw site, after the villagers had cleared the site the troops decided that the area would be good for growing beans for the Army, and ordered the people to clear another place to settle. After a few months, most of the villagers had not been able to build a house since bamboo and roofing leaves were hard to get, especially during the rainy season, and were at a long distance or had to be bought. A lot of the villagers were unable to build houses, and even 6 months later they were still staying in precarious shelters.

On arrival at most of the relocation camps the villagers had to hand over whatever rice they had to SLORC, and then had rice rationed out to them at varying rates; for example, at Maw Chi they received 8 milktins per person per week (only 1/2 the amount required to feed an average adult). Even this distribution only lasted the first 1-2 months, after which there was no rice left. At Nwa La Bo camp, the Township LORC officials ordered each relocated family to grow 3 acres of beans, then harvest them and gather them in the camp to be distributed among the villagers - but as soon as all the beans were gathered, the Army loaded them on trucks and took them away. At some of the camps the Catholic Church has tried to help the villagers with rice, medicines, blankets etc., but in almost every case the SLORC has tried to confiscate or block the aid. They demand that all rice and supplies be handed over to them for distribution, then try to take most of it for the Army. They have also tried to stop churches being set up in the relocation camps and to separate priests from their congregations, ordering them to move to Loikaw instead of the camps. [A large proportion of Kayah people are Roman Catholic, and the Catholic Church is quite prevalent throughout Karenni.]

After there was no more rice, villagers could buy a pass from the soldiers costing between 2 and 5 Kyats allowing them to be away from morning until sunset, or in some cases for 2 days, just enough time to return to their village and bring some food. People found outside the relocation site without a pass or with expired passes are beaten. Even people with passes have been arrested, beaten and send back to the relocation sites.

In most of the relocation sites many people are dying of disease; in Shadaw an estimated 300 have died, and in Maw Chi 100. The water supply is totally inadequate and usually dirty. Every day as many as 3 or 4 die, mostly children, mainly because of malaria, dysentery and respiratory diseases. The sites have no clinics. Even if there is a clinic nearby, no medicines are available unless people can go and buy them. In some sites Catholic priests have been doing their best to treat sick people. The relocation sites have no schools.
In most sites the SLORC troops order the people to work for them. They have to cut bamboo and wooden posts to build barracks and fences. In Shadaw, Daw Tama Gyi and Tee Po Kloh sites, people are forced to do road construction work. They have also been forced to build fences around some of the relocation camps, to dig trenches and to do labour as sentries. The sites are concentration camps and people need to get a pass at the sentry post in order to go in and out. Landmines have been laid around the camps. Military defences are especially prevalent at Shadaw, Maw Chi and Ywathit sites, where SLORC is more afraid of the KNPP. SLORC have built military posts inside the relocation sites and have arrested people staying there, usually charging them with suspicion of having had contact with opposition groups. In Tee Po Kloh site in August, 12 villagers were arrested by the army on suspicion of contact with the KNPP, severely beaten and tortured. Five of the twelve died under torture. The survivors were detained indefinitely without charge or trial at Army camps. As of January, at one camp of #530 Battalion alone, 64 Karenni villagers were still being held - including the 7 survivors from Tee Po Kloh (see interview in this report). Their fate is not known, nor are the numbers of villagers being held at other camps.

Many villagers who obtain passes and reach their villages go into hiding, building small shelters in the forest instead of returning. They collect food in their village or in the forest to survive. Most are almost out of rice and will face critical circumstances very soon. Hundreds of people fled Shadaw, a large relocation site holding several thousand people, to KNPLF territory near the Shan border and have been sheltered in various villages. Some have fled across the border of Shan State and have been staying in SNPLO area but they are now reportedly returning to their home areas. Some people fled the Shadaw relocation site to Loikaw (capital of Karenni), but SLORC didn't allow them to stay in the town and put them in Nwa La Bo concentration camp, along the car road north of Loikaw. About 700 people are presently in that site, and are reportedly receiving some rationed rice but there is no medicine and the clinic is closed.

During June and July 1996 about 3,000 people arrived in Karenni refugee camps in Thailand, mainly in 'Camp 2', and after the rainy season 1,300 more arrived in Camp 2, mainly from the relocation sites after a short stay hiding near their village. Families are still trickling in, though the trip is extremely difficult and dangerous. Some have died along the way. Since February villagers from southern Karenni State have also been fleeing southward into Karen State and arriving in the Karen refugee camps of Thailand's Mae Sariang district, having fled SLORC operations to destroy villages in southern Karenni State.

At 2 a.m. on 3 January 1997, a force of between 20 and 50 men crossed into Thailand and attacked Camp 2, firing assault rifles, rocket-propelled grenades, M79 grenades, 60 mm. mortars and 2-inch mortars. Three refugees were killed, 2 men and one woman, and at least 9 refugees were wounded. The dead and wounded ranged in age from 14 to 60. A statement and uniform left behind after the attack indicated that it had been carried out by the Karenni National Democratic Army (KNDA), armed wing of the Karenni National Democratic Party (KNDP). This 'splinter' organisation was formed on 5 November 1996 and allied itself with SLORC to fight against the KNPP. While it claims to be independent, many people believe it was initiated by SLORC to divide the KNPP and as a front for use in attacking Thailand, just as the Democratic Kayin Buddhist Army (DKBA) has been used to attack Karen refugee camps further south. Some refugees and KNPP officials believe that the attackers were actually SLORC soldiers using the name of KNDA and KNDP, which are based near Deemawso, far from the area of Camp 2. The refugees continue to be extremely afraid for their security, as Camp 2 is only 20 minutes' walk from a SLORC camp across the border and the Thai Army and authorities are clearly not willing to defend either the refugees or Thai territory.

The interviews in this report were conducted by KHRG in January 1997, except for interviews #3 and #9, which were recorded in December 1996 by a human rights monitor who must remain anonymous and provided to KHRG. The names of those interviewed have been changed, and all false names are enclosed in quotes. Some details have been omitted or replaced by 'xxxx' to protect those interviewed. Village names are sometimes followed by a number in brackets - these correspond to the numbered dots on the map at the end of the report.

　　　　　Abbreviations:
SLORC　State Law & Order Restoration Council, Burma's military junta
LORC 　Law & Order Restoration Council, local and regional SLORC
　　　 administration (military-controlled), e.g. Township LORC, Village
　　　 LORC
KNPP 　Karenni National Progressive Party, Karenni resistance fighting SLORC
KNPLF　Karenni Nationalities People's Liberation Front, Karenni resistance
　　　 group which signed a ceasefire with SLORC in 1994
SNPLO　Shan Nationalities People's Liberation Organisation, Shan resistance
　　　 group which has a ceasefire deal with SLORC

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